Land works: types and features of implementation

The construction of buildings of different types includesseveral stages. The first always requires land work. This activity involves the preparation of the site, the development, excavation, trenching. Planning and removal of soil, landscaping are also carried out. The quality of such works determines the durability of the foundation and equipped communications.

Types of jobs

During construction, land works of 2 types are required:

• under the foundation;
• for communication.

The foundation is installed on the recesses. If they have a width of 3 meters, they are called pits. When the length is greater than the width, it is a trench. The recesses of separately located foundations are called pits. Dimensions of pits, trenches depend on the parameters of the foundation. Communications are located in trenches, the depth of which is established by the norms of SNiP.

Preparation and support work

Usually a land plot requires a preliminarytraining. It includes clearing the territory of garbage, trees. Also dismantling of buildings and foundations. Only it is necessary to take into account that the trees are removed on the basis of the permission of ecological organizations. In addition, it is necessary to prepare access areas for equipment.

Auxiliary work (land) is in the drainage system, lowering the level of groundwater, loosening of dense soils. Then, the foundation walls are installed and the soil is compacted.

Evaluation of works

To perform the assessment, you need to determine how many cubic meters of soil you want to move. If you establish the productivity of labor, it will be possible to choose how land works will be performed.

Calculating the amount of work helps to organize the process competently due to certain factors:

• the choice of a suitable method and means of conducting work;
• removal and distribution of soil;
• approval of the price and duration of work.

During the design, the amount of activity can be calculated on the basis of working drawings, and in production - by measurements.

Methods of soil development

You can dig a foundation pit in many ways. The method of performing the work is determined by the properties of the soil, the volume, the type of construction. It also depends on hydrogeological conditions.

Earthworks can be done manually, andalso by means of mechanical means. Choose the method that allows you to perform everything in a short time. If the treatment area is large, a mechanized method is more often used.

Manual soil development

Manual trench digging is performed with a smallthe amount of work, as well as in cases where the use of special equipment will not work. Usually this option is used for digging pits for pile foundations, as well as for communication equipment.

For hand work, shovels and spades are used. Improves productivity due to means of small mechanization, for example, using electric and pneumatic shovels, jackhammers, crowbars. Often used loosening, which allows you to perform work faster.

Ground development by mechanized method

This method is used for large amounts of work. To increase the speed of execution, apply:

• construction excavators;
• bulldozers;
• graders;
• scrapers;
• rippers;
• drilling equipment.

Increase productivity by usingauxiliary machines intended for the transportation of soil. The digging of the trench will be carried out with the help of these means. When this work is completed, the soil is ordered.

How to work in winter

Land works are performed in summer and winter,Only in the second case there are some difficulties. This is due to the freezing of the soil, and therefore the price for services will be higher. In winter, it is undesirable to excavate trenches and trenches with a depth of less than 3 m.

The frozen soil has a high mechanicalstrength, plastic deformation. The manifestation of these properties can be different, it all depends on the type of soil. For example, coarse, gravel, sandy include a minimum of water, and therefore do not get very cold at low temperatures. Work in this case will be the same in winter and in summer. And do not work with dusty, wet and clay soils in cold weather.

In winter, work is carried out in three ways:

• soil preparation;
• cutting frozen soil into blocks;
• soil development without preparatory work.

It is used for thawing with steam, hot water,open fire, electric current. In order not to reverse the freezing, the trench insulation is used with thermal insulation materials: peat fines, sawdust, chips.

Price list

The described works are considered laborious, after allthey usually use special equipment and devices. In the construction of all buildings, earthwork is of paramount importance. Their cost is determined by the volume, type of soil and season.

So, the price for manual working out of a ground makes 700-800 rubles for 1 m³. Backfilling costs 350 rubles. There are companies that take payment for an hour.

Security

Many accidents occur precisely with these construction works. To their reasons carry:

• lack of ground fastening;
• the critical level of its production without fastening;
• inappropriate dismantling of fasteners;
• work of transport in the areas of collapse;
• use of unsafe methods of work.

To ensure that excavations do not result in injuries, safety rules must be strictly observed. In this area, only proven methods of protecting the life and health of workers should be used.

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